PSC101 Chapter 7

• primary sensory cortex: input from thalamus



• secondary sensory cortex: input from primary sensory cotex or other aras of secondary sensory cortex of same system



• association cortex: receives input from more than one sensory sytem; from secondary sensory cortex



• interactions between the three types of senosry cortex are characterized by three principles: hierachical organization, functional segregation, and parallel processing


• hierachical organization: hierachy; as go up, neurons respond to greater specificity and complexity


• sensation is detection of stim and perception is integrating, recognizing and interpreting stim


• functional segregation: the three levels of cerebral cortex, primary, secondary, and association, in each sensory system contains distinct areas that specialize in different kinds of analysis


• parallel processing: one believed to be in serial: info flow in one pathway; parallel systems: multiple pathways; the simul analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple parallel pathways


• two parallel processing: one influence behavior without our conscious awareness and one with conscious awareness.


• corticofugal pathways: cognitive processes such as attention can influence perception


• scotoma: an area of blindness caused by damage to primary visual cortex


• blindsight: respond to visual stim in scotomas even though have no conscious awareness of stimuli


• subjective contours: see contours that don't exist


• dorsal stream: flow from primary visual cortex to dorsal prestriate cortex to posterior parietal cortex


• ventral stream: from primary visual cortex to ventral prestriate cortex to inferotemporal cortex


• prosopagnosia: visual agnosia for faces


• agnosia: fail to recognize; visual agnosia: cannot recognize objects


• amplitude = loudness; pitch = frequency; complexity = timbre


• sound waves travel down auditory canal and cause tympanic membrane to vibrate --> three ossicles: small cones of middle ear; malleus, incus, and stapes --> vibration of membrane called oval window --> fluid of cochlea --> ogan of corti


• organ of corti: basilar membrane and tectorial lmembrane; hair cells on basilar membrane and tectorial on hair cells; hair cells to auditory nerve


• cochlear coding: different freq produce different stim of hair cells at different points along basilar; higher freq: more activation to the windows


• tonotopic; vesticular: balance


• auditory nerve --> superior olives --> inferior colliculi --> medial geniculate nuclei --> primary auditory cortex


• medial superior olives respond to differences of arrival time from two ears; lateral superior olives: slight diff in amplitude


• both project to superior colliculus and iinferior colliculussomatosensory system: exteroceptive system (senses external stim to skin); proprioceptive system (position of body that comes from receptors in muscles, joints, organs of balance); interoceptive system (conditions in body: temp and bp)


• exteroceptive: mechanical stim (touch); thermal stim (temp); and nociceptive stim (pain)


• dermatomes: area of body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of spinal cord


• dorsal-column medial lemniscus (DCML): info on touch and proprioception


• anterolateral: info about pain and temp


• somatosensory homunculus: somatopic map


• somatosensory agnosia: astereognosia: cannot recog objects by touch; asomatognosia: cannot recog parts of one's body; anosognosia: failure to recogn symptoms; contralateral neglect: not respond to half of body


• adaptiveness of pain: important for our survival; responses to excessive stim


• no cortical representation of pain; anterior cingulate cortex


• pain suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors; gate-control theory; corticofugal pathways can blcok pain signals


• olfactory: oflactory muscosa; olfactory bulbs; olfactory tract; amygdala and piriform cortex; medial dorsal neuclei and orbitofrontal cortex


• tastebuds; papillae; tastes is not combination of primaries; some tate act on ion channels and not receptor molecules


• selective attention: perceive only small subset of stim; improves focus; endogenous and exogenous attention (internal cognitive processes or external events); top-down and bottom-up


• change blindness


• the inferotemporal cortex is an area of secondary visual cortex


• the dorsal and ventral streams are part of the visual system


• the primary auditory cortex is tonotopically organized


• the inferior colliculi and medial geniculate nuclei are components of the auditory system


• the dcml and anterolateral system are pathways of the somatosensory sytem


• the ventral posterior nuclei, the intralaminar nuclei, and parafascicular nuclei are all thalmic neuclei of the somatosensory


• the periaqueductal gray and the raphe nuclei are involved in blcoking the perception of pain


• one pathway of the olfacotry system projects from the amygdala and piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex


• parts of the ventral posterior nuclei are thalamic relay nuclei of both soomatosensory and gustatory systems


• unlike the projections of all other sensory sytems, the projections of the gustatory system are primarily ipsilateral.

Chapter 2

• Cartesian dualism: descartes; physical matter and the human mind, soul, spirit


• ethology: study of animal behavior in wild; instinctive behaviors


• fitness: the ability to survive and pass on genes to next generation


• hierachy of social dominance: decreases hostility; dominant: copulate more


• sepcies: reproductively isolated; can only produce offspring by mating with same species (conspecifics)


• chordates: animals with dorsal nerve cords; spinal bones to protect dorsal nerve cord are vertebrae


• amphibians: young in water; adult in land


• reptiles: evolved from amphibians; shell eggs; dry scales; away from water


• mammals: nurture young in watery environment of their bodies


• evolution not in single line


• humans don't have evolutionary supremacy


• evolution does not proceed slowly and gradually


• few products of evolution have survived to present day


• evolution does not progress to perfection


• not all behaviors or structures are adaptive; spandrels: nonadaptive; may once be adaptive but not anymore


• not all adaptive characteristics evolved to perform current function


• similarities among species does not mean common orgins; analogous; convergent evolution


• no relationship between brain size and intelligence; brain size and body size


• brain stem: regulate reflexes such as herat rate, respiration, blood glucose level


• cerebrum: learning, perception, motivation


• human brain has increased in size during evolution; most increase in cerebrum; increase in convolutions: fold on the cerebral surface --> increased volume of cerebral cortex


• promiscuity: mate indiscriminately


• dichotomous traits: in one form or other, not in combo


• true breeding lines: offspring with same traitoperator genes: controls a gene or a group of genes; regulated by dna-binding proteins


• mitochondria: energy producing structures; inherited from mother; mutations develop in mito dna at consistent rate --> evolutionary clockphysiological-or-psychological thinking was given official recognitio in thee 17th century when the roman church sanctioned cartesian dualism


• in darwinian sense, fitness refers to the abaility of an organism to survive and produce large numbers of fertile offspring.


• a species is a group of reproductively isolated organisms.


• mammals are thought to have evolved from reptiles 180 million years ago


• there are five different families of primates: prosmians, new-world monkeys, old-world monkeys, apes, hominids


• chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans; they have about 99% of the same genetic material.


• the first hominids were australo


• the degree of linkage between genes is a measure of how close they are together on a chromosome


• each structrual gene contains the info for the production of a single protein


• strutural genes can be turned off or on by operator genes


• the massive international effort to physically map human chromosomes is known as the human genome project.


• ontogeny: development through life span; phylogeny: evolutionary deve of species through ages


• phenylketonuria (PKU): phenylpyruvic acid; lack phenylalanine hydroxylase --> abnormal brain development


• bird songs: sensory phase (memories of adult songs); sensorimotor phase (refined; feedback; crystallized)


• age-limited learners: crystallized ramain unchanged; open-ended learners: can add new songs


• decending motor pathway: from high vocal center on each side of brain to syrinx on the same side; mediates song production


• anterior forebrain pathway: mediates song learning


• left decending motor pathway more important than right; high vocal center is four times larger in male; song-control structures of males double in size during mating season; seasonal increase in size results from growth of new neeurons


• heritability estimate: proportion of variability occuring in a trait in a study that resulted from genetic variation in that study.

Chapter 5

• Schizophrenia symptoms: delusions, hallu, disorganized speech, loss of affect, diminished motivation
• paranoid, catatonic, disorganized
• adolescence or early adult life; same rate in men and women
• genetic disorder; monozygotic twin, 50%; dizygotic and sibling, 5-15%
• chromosomal aberrations:
• drugs that focused on dopamin and serotonin transmission; linkage studies: tendency of genes at specific loci to be inherited together with known markers because of proximity
• may be due to dysfunction of frontal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC)
• Bipolar disorder: manic depressive illness; mood disorders; epi of depression and mania
• bipolar I diorder: depression and one or more manic epi
• Bipolar II disorder: depression and one or more bouts of hypomania
• Autism: pervasive developmental disorder (Rett, childhood disintegrative disorders, Asperger's syndrome); restlessness and distraction, lack of social interaction, difficuty with language, motor behaviors; boys more than girls 3:1; chromosomal abnormalities